High School Science Tennessee Standards

The Reproductive systems ensure the continuity of species through gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryogenesis.

The Nervous system, in response to stimuli, coordinates functions of other body systems to support life processes.

The Endocrine system, through hormones, regulates the functions of organs to support life processes.

The Urinary system provides for waste excretion, osmotic homeostasis, electrolyte homeostasis, and pH homeostasis.

The Digestive system provides for absorption of raw materials that build and fuel the body’s cells.

The Immune and Lymphatic systems provide protection and lipid transport.

The Cardiovascular system provides transport of materials for homeostatic control and protection throughout the body.

Muscular systems provide movement and temperature homeostasis.

The Skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, storage, and hematopoiesis.

The Integumentary system provides protection, temperature homeostasis, and sensation

The human body is organized to accomplish life processes.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Research system disorders to communicate information on the known facts about the disorders and identify technology that has been developed to diagnose and/or treat the disorders.

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Investigate the organization of the human body in relation to its ability to accomplish life functions and construct an explanation for the relationship between anatomy and physiology.

Explain the processes of bone formation, growth, and repair.

Differentiate visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissues based on anatomical criteria and their physiological role in the movement of body parts and/or substances.

Model the gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle and a muscle fiber and use the model to identify and explain the roles of subcellular structures that participate in the events of muscle fiber contraction and heat generation.

Model the anatomical connections between the skeletal system and muscular system and explain how they generate movement through antagonistic muscle groups.

Describe, in terms of structure and function, the systemic and pulmonary paths of the cardiovascular system.

Prepare and/or use a model of a human heart to explain systole and diastole and the heart’s internal and external control mechanisms involved in producing the heartbeat.

Explain blood pressure in terms of systole and diastole. Describe the factors affecting blood pressure and blood pressure’s role in homeostasis.

Examine the structure (molecular and cellular) of blood constituents and describe their function.

Explain how the anatomy of the respiratory system functions to provide oxygen and carbon dioxide transport mechanisms between the lungs and the circulatory system, considering capillary structures, red blood cell structures, diffusion, and affinity.

Explain the relationship between the integumentary, muscular, and circulatory systems in temperature homeostasis.

Differentiate the major organ systems of the human body by their anatomy and physiology and engage in argument about defined boundaries due to their functional connectivity.

Describe the relationship between the structure and function of the lymphatic system.

Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity, identifying immune cells that play a role in each.

Analyze ABO and Rh blood groups as a basis for blood transfusion and infant incompatibility reactions.

Diagram the progression of lipid transport from the digestive system, through the lymphatic system, and into the cardiovascular circulation.

Model the sequential organization of the alimentary canal and its accessory organs in order to describe the physiological role of each.

Analyze gastrointestinal wall histology and explain the anatomical architecture that supports efficient absorption and transport of molecules into cardiovascular or lymphatic circulation.

Investigate the actions of major digestive enzymes and hormones and identify their sources.

Describe the role of the hepatic portal system in coupling the digestive and cardiovascular systems.

Model the sequential organization of the male and female urinary tracts in order to describe the physiological role of blood filtration and waste excretion from the body.

Identify the parts of a nephron and describe how they assist in homeostatic mechanisms through urine formation.

Describe the organizational levels of the human body and observe patterns in cell types and tissue types across organ systems.

Using a model, name and locate the major endocrine glands and identify additional organ tissues in the human body that produce hormones. Describe the hormones produced and their physiological effects on other body targets.

Describe the relationship between receptors and ligands and differentiate between steroid and nonsteroid hormones as ligands.

Explain, using examples, the mechanism of negative feedback in hormonal production and control.

Anatomically distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Explain how their structures and locations are related to their physiological roles.

Model the cellular and subcellular structures of neurons and explain the molecular neurophysiology of membrane potentials and the conduction of information through synaptic transmission.

Identify and describe the types of sensory receptors found in the human body.

Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Model the major parts of the brain and spinal cord, relating each part to its source of sensory information and/or its primary target of regulation.

Explain the structures, functions, and limitations of the human sensory systems (senses): hearing, balance/proprioception, sight, touch, smell, and taste.

Identify and describe the organs of the human male and female reproductive systems that provide the physiological functions of gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryogenesis.

Use a human model to differentiate the major body cavities and organs located within them. Describe the model using proper anatomical and directional terminology for body regions, planes, and cavities.

Examine the microscopic structures of the human egg and sperm and explain how their structures relate to their functions.

Based on the secretion of hormones, identify the endocrine tissues of the reproductive system and describe their roles in regulation of secondary sex characteristics, the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy, fetal development, and parturition.

Trace the major events of human development from fertilization to birth, with a focus on the development of organs and functional organ systems.

Explain homeostasis and describe how it is accomplished through feedback mechanisms that utilize receptors and effectors.

Describe the anatomical structures of the integumentary system and explain their role in the physiological processes of protection, temperature homeostasis, and sensation.

Diagram a cross-sectional image of skin layers identifying the microscopic components and describe the life cycle of cells that maintain these layers.

Identify major bones within the axial and appendicular divisions, describing their physiological roles in creating a body scaffold, internal organ protection, and anchor points for skeletal muscles participating in movement.

Diagram microscopic bone structures, identifying regions that participate in hematopoiesis and storage of minerals and fat.

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Construct an explanation based on evidence that the essential functions of life are primarily carried out through the work of proteins that are coded for by genes in DNA, as described by the Central Dogma (i.e., transcription, translation).

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Use a model to describe how differentiation in a multicellular organism creates specialized cells that perform diverse functions to work together to meet the needs of the entire organism, including human development

Create, or use, a model to describe how the process of photosynthesis converts light energy into the stored chemical energy of bonds created by converting CO2 and H2O into sugar and other organic molecules.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that matter taken into an organism can be broken down and recombined to make macromolecules necessary for life functions.

Create, or use, a model to describe how cellular respiration transforms stored chemical energy of food resulting in a net transfer of energy. Compare aerobic respiration to alternative processes of glucose metabolism.

Construct an explanation from evidence to explain how the integrated functions of the brain in complex animals results in successful interpretation of input and generation of behaviors in response to those inputs.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.

Create, or use, a mathematical model to describe the transfer of energy from one trophic level to another. Explain how the inefficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels affects the relative number of organisms that can be supported at each trophic level and necessitates a constant input of energy from sunlight and inorganic compounds from the environment.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information based on evidence to describe how the impact of varying levels of disturbance is related to the resilience of an ecosystem.

Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.

Analyze data about the role of group behavior on individual and species’ chances to survive and reproduce.

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

Engage in an argument from evidence that the process of cellular division (mitosis) creates diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the diploid parent cells.

Engage in an argument from evidence that the process of meiosis exists to create genetic variation in a population from the creation of new combinations of genetic material in each of the haploid gametes.

Ask questions to clarify that variation of traits arises from differences in genes (alleles) and how cells regulate gene expression.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that genetic variations may result from (a) new genetic combinations via the processes of crossing over and random segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, (b) mutations that occur during replication, and/or (c) mutations caused by environmental factors. Evidence should include that mutations that occur in gametes can be passed to offspring.

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

Analyze and interpret scientific data that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence (e.g. DNA sequences, amino acid sequences, anatomical structures, the fossil record, biogeography, or order of appearance of structures during embryological development).

Apply concepts of statistics (i.e. probability) to support explanations that organisms in a population with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait.

Analyze and interpret data that natural selection is influenced by (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation in populations.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how changes in environmental conditions may result in (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and (3) the extinction of other species.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how molecular biotechnology may be used in a variety of fields.

Investigate the means by which karyotypes are utilized in diagnostic medicine.

Analyze scientific and ethical arguments to support the pros and cons of application of a specific biotechnology technique such as stem cell usage, in vitro fertilization, or genetically modified organisms.

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Compare and contrast existing models, identify patterns, and use structural and functional evidence to analyze the characteristics of life. Engage in argument about the designation of viruses as non-living based on these characteristics.

Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.

Integrate evidence to develop a structural model of a DNA molecule. Using the model, develop and communicate an explanation for how DNA serves as a template for self-replication and encodes biological information.

Demonstrate how DNA sequence information is decoded through transcriptional and translational processes within the cell in order to synthesize proteins. Examine the relationship of structure and function of various types of RNA and the importance of this relationship in these processes.

Research examples that demonstrate the functional variety of proteins and construct an argument based on evidence for the importance of the molecular structure to its function. Plan and carry out a controlled investigation to test predictions about factors, which should cause an effect on the structure and function of a protein.

Create a model for the major events of the eukaryotic cell cycle, including mitosis. Compare and contrast the rates of cell division in various eukaryotic cell types in multicellular organisms.

Utilize a model of a cell plasma membrane to compare the various types of cellular transport and test predictions about the movement of molecules into or out of a cell based on the homeostasis of energy and matter in cells.

Create a model of photosynthesis demonstrating the net flow of matter and energy into a cell. Use the model to explain energy transfer from light energy into stored chemical energy in the product.

Create a model of aerobic respiration demonstrating flow of matter and energy out of a cell. Use the model to explain energy transfer mechanisms. Compare aerobic respiration to alternative processes of glucose metabolism.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Analyze mathematical and/or computational representations of population data that support explanations of factors that affect population size and carrying capacities of populations within an ecosystem. Examine a representative ecosystem and, based on interdependent relationships present, predict population size effects due to a given disturbance.

Create a model tracking carbon atoms between inorganic and organic molecules in an ecosystem. Explain human impacts on climate based on this model.

Analyze through research the cycling of matter in our biosphere and explain how biogeochemical cycles are critical for ecosystem function.

Analyze data demonstrating the decrease in biomass observed in each successive trophic level. Construct an explanation considering the laws of conservation of energy and matter and represent this phenomenon in a mathematical model to describe the transfer of energy and matter between trophic levels.

Analyze examples of ecological succession, identifying and explaining the order of events responsible for the formation of a new ecosystem in response to extreme fluctuations in environmental conditions or catastrophic events.

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

Model chromosome progression through meiosis and fertilization in order to argue how the processes of sexual reproduction lead to both genetic similarities and variation in diploid organisms. Compare and contrast the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Explain how protein formation results in phenotypic variation and discuss how changes in DNA can lead to somatic or germ line mutations.

Through pedigree analysis, identify patterns of trait inheritance to predict family member genotypes. Use mathematical thinking to predict the likelihood of various types of trait transmission.

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

Evaluate scientific data collected from analysis of molecular sequences, fossil records, biogeography, and embryology. Identify chronological patterns of change and communicate that biological evolution is supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence that identify similarities inherited from a common ancestor (homologies).

Using a model that demonstrates the change in allele frequencies resulting in evolution of a population over many generations, identify causative agents of change.

Identify ecosystem services and assess the role of biodiversity in support of these services. Analyze the role human activities have on disruption of these services.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Research the development of the microscope and advances in microscopy technology for the discovery and ongoing understanding of microorganisms.

Construct an explanation for how classification schemes have changed based on new evidence gained due to advances in biotechnology.

Create a timeline depicting how humans have employed engineering and technology to maximize use of microorganisms, plants, and animals for various purposes. Choose one specific example and construct an argument supporting or opposing the use of engineering or technology in this instance.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Plan and carry out an ethology investigation of a simple organism. Gather, analyze, and present data in tabular and graphical formats. Draw conclusions based on data and communicate findings.

Compare innate versus learned behavior. Construct an argument from evidence that shows the value of both types of behavior and their importance to species survival.

Obtain information and construct an explanation to support or oppose an adaptive advantage of social behaviors.

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

Use models of viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes to ask questions about characteristics of living things and analyze theories regarding the origin of life on Earth. Construct an argument from evidence supporting the idea that eukaryotes could not exist on the planet if not for prokaryotes.

Evaluate information regarding the diversity of protists. Use this information to analyze evolutionary relationships among protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Using models, compare how the following processes occur in major groups of fungi: gas exchange; nutrient distribution; energy acquisition and use; response to internal and external stimuli; and, reproduction.

Analyze evolutionary relationships among algae and major groups of plants. In this analysis, consider adaptations necessary for survival in terrestrial habitats.

Interpret data supporting current plant classification schemes. Use a dichotomous key to identify plants based on variations in characteristics.

Obtain information and ask questions about the advantages and disadvantages of the basic plant life cycle (alternation of generations). Compare variations in this life cycle among major groups of plants.

Use a model angiosperm to differentiate plant organs and the tissues from which they are made. Use the model to explain how the plant structures: provide support; regulate gas exchange; obtain and use energy; and, process and distribute nutrients.

Design and carry out an investigation examining the function of plant hormones.

Develop a model explaining plant tropisms at different scales (cell, tissue, organ, system). Use the model to predict how plants will respond in various environmental conditions.

Create an argument from evidence regarding the importance of plant relationships including symbiosis and co-evolutionary relationships (examples: mycorrhizae, Rhizobium, pollination, etc.).

Investigate the role of different plant types in ecosystem building and maintenance (examples: soil formation, inhibition of erosion, oxygen production, carbon sequestration, habitats).

Using information based on the geologic time scale and history of life on Earth, look for patterns in changes in organisms over time and explain how these patterns support the theory of evolution.

Create a model to distinguish animal germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) and resulting tissue types. Use the model to make predictions regarding phylogenetic relationships among groups of organisms with varying body plans.

Construct an argument for the importance of embryological development in understanding relatedness (evolutionary relationships). As part of the argument, compare models of embryological development of protostomes and deuterostomes.

Observe examples of organisms from major animal phyla in order to describe the diverse structures associated with the following functions: gas exchange; energy acquisition; nutrient processing and distribution; environmental responses; and reproduction.

Design and carry out an investigation examining how major body systems interact to maintain homeostasis of nutrient, energy, water, waste, and/or temperature balance.

Obtain and communicate information on how the nervous and endocrine systems in a model vertebrate organism coordinate body functions such as: growth and development; stimuli response and information transmission; and, the maintenance of homeostasis.

Create a model demonstrating how the immune system functions in monitoring of and responding to bacterial and viral infectious diseases.

Gather and analyze data on ectothermic and endothermic organisms and argue the advantages and disadvantages these organisms possess, considering various environments in which they live and various strategies for survival.

Model several reproductive strategies used by example organisms and compare them to explain how each differentially accomplishes reproductive success. Collect information in support of the argument that rapidly reproducing species that produce more young are more resilient.

Evaluate scientific data collected from multiple sources to trace animal evolution

Use molecular data to construct cladograms depicting phylogenetic relationships between major groups of organisms.

Trace changes in classification schemes over time, explaining these changes considering new findings and new interpretations of existing data.

Construct an argument from evidence supporting the three domain classification system or opposing the system with a suggested alternative system.

Obtain information and compare features of Bacteria and Archaea. Ask questions about the evolution of each group.

Using models, compare how the following processes occur in major groups of bacteria: gas exchange; nutrient distribution; energy acquisition and use; response to internal and external stimuli; and, reproduction.

Construct an explanation for the evolution of eukaryotes and multicellularity based on evidence supporting the theory of endosymbiosis. Consider examples of extant organisms (viruses, bacteria, and protists) that invade host cells.

Using models, compare how the following processes occur in major groups of protists: gas exchange; nutrient distribution; energy acquisition and use; response to internal and external stimuli; and, reproduction.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Research the development of the microscope and advances in microscopy technology for the discovery and ongoing understanding of microorganisms.

Construct an explanation for how classification schemes have changed based on new evidence gained due to advances in biotechnology.

Create a timeline depicting how humans have employed engineering and technology to maximize use of microorganisms, plants, and animals for various purposes. Choose one specific example and construct an argument supporting or opposing the use of engineering or technology in this instance.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Plan and carry out an ethology investigation of a simple organism. Gather, analyze, and present data in tabular and graphical formats. Draw conclusions based on data and communicate findings.

Compare innate versus learned behavior. Construct an argument from evidence that shows the value of both types of behavior and their importance to species survival.

Obtain information and construct an explanation to support or oppose an adaptive advantage of social behaviors.

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

Use models of viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes to ask questions about characteristics of living things and analyze theories regarding the origin of life on Earth. Construct an argument from evidence supporting the idea that eukaryotes could not exist on the planet if not for prokaryotes.

Evaluate information regarding the diversity of protists. Use this information to analyze evolutionary relationships among protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Using models, compare how the following processes occur in major groups of fungi: gas exchange; nutrient distribution; energy acquisition and use; response to internal and external stimuli; and, reproduction.

Analyze evolutionary relationships among algae and major groups of plants. In this analysis, consider adaptations necessary for survival in terrestrial habitats.

Interpret data supporting current plant classification schemes. Use a dichotomous key to identify plants based on variations in characteristics.

Obtain information and ask questions about the advantages and disadvantages of the basic plant life cycle (alternation of generations). Compare variations in this life cycle among major groups of plants.

Use a model angiosperm to differentiate plant organs and the tissues from which they are made. Use the model to explain how the plant structures: provide support; regulate gas exchange; obtain and use energy; and, process and distribute nutrients.

Design and carry out an investigation examining the function of plant hormones.

Develop a model explaining plant tropisms at different scales (cell, tissue, organ, system). Use the model to predict how plants will respond in various environmental conditions.

Create an argument from evidence regarding the importance of plant relationships including symbiosis and co-evolutionary relationships (examples: mycorrhizae, Rhizobium, pollination, etc.).

Investigate the role of different plant types in ecosystem building and maintenance (examples: soil formation, inhibition of erosion, oxygen production, carbon sequestration, habitats).

Using information based on the geologic time scale and history of life on Earth, look for patterns in changes in organisms over time and explain how these patterns support the theory of evolution.

Create a model to distinguish animal germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) and resulting tissue types. Use the model to make predictions regarding phylogenetic relationships among groups of organisms with varying body plans.

Construct an argument for the importance of embryological development in understanding relatedness (evolutionary relationships). As part of the argument, compare models of embryological development of protostomes and deuterostomes.

Observe examples of organisms from major animal phyla in order to describe the diverse structures associated with the following functions: gas exchange; energy acquisition; nutrient processing and distribution; environmental responses; and reproduction.

Design and carry out an investigation examining how major body systems interact to maintain homeostasis of nutrient, energy, water, waste, and/or temperature balance.

Obtain and communicate information on how the nervous and endocrine systems in a model vertebrate organism coordinate body functions such as: growth and development; stimuli response and information transmission; and, the maintenance of homeostasis.

Create a model demonstrating how the immune system functions in monitoring of and responding to bacterial and viral infectious diseases.

Gather and analyze data on ectothermic and endothermic organisms and argue the advantages and disadvantages these organisms possess, considering various environments in which they live and various strategies for survival.

Model several reproductive strategies used by example organisms and compare them to explain how each differentially accomplishes reproductive success. Collect information in support of the argument that rapidly reproducing species that produce more young are more resilient.

Evaluate scientific data collected from multiple sources to trace animal evolution.

Use molecular data to construct cladograms depicting phylogenetic relationships between major groups of organisms.

Trace changes in classification schemes over time, explaining these changes considering new findings and new interpretations of existing data.

Construct an argument from evidence supporting the three domain classification system or opposing the system with a suggested alternative system.

Obtain information and compare features of Bacteria and Archaea. Ask questions about the evolution of each group.

Using models, compare how the following processes occur in major groups of bacteria: gas exchange; nutrient distribution; energy acquisition and use; response to internal and external stimuli; and, reproduction.

Construct an explanation for the evolution of eukaryotes and multicellularity based on evidence supporting the theory of endosymbiosis. Consider examples of extant organisms (viruses, bacteria, and protists) that invade host cells.

Using models, compare how the following processes occur in major groups of protists: gas exchange; nutrient distribution; energy acquisition and use; response to internal and external stimuli; and, reproduction.

Matter and Its Interactions

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare historical models of the atom (from Democritus to quantum model) and construct explanations to show how scientific knowledge evolves over time based on scientific evidence.

Conduct investigations and develop models to characterize the behavior of gases (e.g., pressure, volume, temperature).

Develop an explanation for the behavior of gases using the Kinetic Molecular Theory and the Combined Gas Law.

Use the Ideal Gas Law (PV=nRT) to quantitatively evaluate the relationship among the number of moles, volume, pressure, and temperature for ideal gases.

Create models of solutions to describe solutes and solvents, concentration of solutions, and the process of solvation.

Quantitatively analyze solutions to describe concentration using molarity, percent composition, and ppm.

Demonstrate separation methods such as evaporation, distillation, electrophoresis, and/or chromatography. Construct an argument to justify the use of certain separation methods under different conditions.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to identify acids and bases as a special class of compounds due to their unique properties.

Use models to describe radioactive stability, radioactive decay, fusion, and fission.

Develop and use models to compare alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of mass, charge, and penetrating power. Identify examples of applications of different radiation types in everyday life.

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict chemical and physical properties of main group elements (e.g. reactivity, number of subatomic particles, valence electrons, electronegativity, ion charge, ionization energy, and atomic radius) based on locations on the periodic table.

Model different representations of atoms (e.g. Lewis Dot Structures, Bohr Models, electron configurations).

Use the periodic table and properties of elements to develop an explanation to predict the types of bonds that are formed between atoms.

Evaluate the components of a substance to write the chemical name and formula using IUPAC criteria, including covalent compounds, ionic compounds, polyatomic ions, and common acids.

Construct and use a model to show that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction. Symbolically represent this by balancing chemical equations.

Perform stoichiometric calculations involving the following relationships: mole-mole; mass-mass; mole-mass; mole-particle; and mass-particle.

Use models to show a qualitative understanding of the concept of percent yield, limiting reactants, and excess reactants in a chemical reaction.

Develop an explanation using the reactants in a chemical reaction to identify reaction type (i.e., synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, double replacement) and predict products.

Energy

Construct an explanation of thermal energy as a form of energy, and temperature as a measure of average kinetic energy of a group of particles.

Analyze and interpret data using heating/cooling curves and phase diagrams.

Analyze the energy changes involved in calorimetry by using the law of conservation of energy quantitatively (use of q=mcΔT) and qualitatively.

Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions by constructing potential energy diagrams and explaining the differences between the two using chemical terms (e.g. activation energy).

Analyze data to explain how energy is absorbed or given off depending on the bonds formed and broken.

Matter and Its Interactions

Understand and be prepared to use values specific to chemical processes: the mole, molar mass, molarity, and percent composition.

Compare alpha, beta, and gamma radiation in terms of mass, charge, and penetrating power. Identify examples of applications of different radiation types in everyday life (such as its applications in cancer treatment).

Develop and compare historical models of the atom (from Democritus to quantum model) and construct arguments to show how scientific knowledge evolves over time, based on experimental evidence, critique, and alternative interpretations.

Explain the origin and organization of the Periodic Table. Predict chemical and physical properties of main group elements (reactivity, number of subatomic particles, ion charge, ionization energy, atomic radius, and electronegativity) based on location on the periodic table. Construct an argument to describe how the quantum mechanical model of the atom (e.g., patterns of valence and inner electrons) defines periodic properties. Use the periodic table to draw Lewis dot structures and show understanding of orbital notations through drawing and interpreting graphical representations (i.e., arrows representing electrons in an orbital).

Use the periodic table and electronegativity differences of elements to predict the types of bonds that are formed between atoms during chemical reactions and write the names of chemical compounds, including polyatomic ions using the IUPAC criteria.

Use Lewis dot structures and electronegativity differences to predict the polarities of simple molecules (linear, bent, triangular, tetrahedral). Construct an argument to explain how electronegativity affects the shape of basic chemical molecules.

Investigate, describe, and mathematically determine the effect of solute concentration on vapor pressure using the solute's van 't Hoff factor on freezing point depression and boiling point elevation.

Demonstrate that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction by balancing chemical equations.

Perform stoichiometric calculations involving the following relationships: mole-mole; mass-mass; mole-mass; mole-particle; and mass-particle. Show a qualitative understanding of the phenomenon of percent yield, limiting, and excess reagents in a chemical reaction through pictorial and conceptual examples. (states of matter liquid and solid; excluding volume of gasses)

Use the reactants in a chemical reaction to predict the products and identify reaction classes (synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, double replacement).

Conduct investigations to explore and characterize the behavior of gases (pressure, volume, temperature), develop models to represent this behavior, and construct arguments to explain this behavior. Evaluate the relationship (qualitatively and quantitatively) at STP between pressure and volume (Boyle's law), temperature and volume (Charles's law), temperature and pressure (Gay-Lussac law), and moles and volume (Avogadro's law), and evaluate and explain these relationships with respect to kinetic-molecular theory. Be able to understand, establish, and predict the relationships between volume, temperature, and pressure using combined gas law both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Use the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, to algebraically evaluate the relationship among the number of moles, volume, pressure, and temperature for ideal gases.

Analyze solutions to identify solutes and solvents, quantitatively analyze concentrations (molarity, percent composition, and ppm), and perform separation methods such as evaporation, distillation, and/or chromatography and show conceptual understanding of distillation. Construct an argument to justify the use of certain separation methods under different conditions.

Identify acids and bases as a special class of compounds with a specific set of properties.

Draw models (qualitative models such as pictures or diagrams) to demonstrate understanding of radioactive stability and decay. Understand and differentiate between fission and fusion reactions. Use models (graphs or tables) to explain the concept of half-life and its use in determining the age of materials (such as radiometric dating).

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

Draw, identify, and contrast graphical representations of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, and metallic) based on chemical formulas. Construct and communicate explanations to show that atoms combine by transferring or sharing electrons.

Understand that intermolecular forces created by the unequal distribution of charge result in varying degrees of attraction between molecules. Compare and contrast the intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole bonding, and London dispersion forces) within different types of simple substances (only those following the octet rule) and predict and explain their effect on chemical and physical properties of those substances using models or graphical representations.

Construct a model to explain the process by which solutes dissolve in solvents, and develop an argument to describe how intermolecular forces affect the solubility of different chemical compounds.

Conduct an investigation to determine how temperature, surface area, and stirring affect the rate of solubility. Construct an argument to explain the relationships observed in experimental data using collision theory.

Energy

Contrast the concepts of temperature and heat flow in macroscopic and microscopic terms. Understand that heat is a form of energy and temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of a molecule.

Draw and interpret heating and cooling curves and phase diagrams. Analyze the energy changes involved in calorimetry by using the law of conservation of energy quantitatively (use of q = mcΔT) and qualitatively.

Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions by constructing potential energy diagrams and explain the differences between the two using chemical terms (e.g., activation energy). Recognize when energy is absorbed or given off depending on the bonds formed and bonds broken.

Analyze energy changes to explain and defend the law of conservation of energy.

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

Using a model, explain why elements emit and absorb characteristic frequencies of light and how this is information is used.

Matter and Its Interactions

Illustrate and explain the arrangement of electrons surrounding atoms and ions (electron configurations and orbital notation of a specific electron in an element) and relate the arrangement of electrons with observed periodic trends.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how carbon’s structure and function are used and have influenced society.

Conduct a qualitative analysis lab to determine the solubility rules. Use solubility rules to identify spectator ions and write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions.

Analyze oxidation and reduction reactions to identify the substances gaining and losing electrons, distinguish between the cathode and anode, predict reactions, and balance oxidation-reduction reactions in acidic or basic solutions.

Investigate models and explore uses of electrochemistry (batteries and electrochemical cells).

Conduct titrations with standard solutions (monoprotic and diprotic) and an appropriate indicator and/or a pH probe to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, and with a weak acid or weak base to determine the Ka or Kb and the pH at the equivalence point.

Explain common chemical reactions, including those found in biological systems, using qualitative and quantitative information.

Create a model of the atomic substructure including electrons, protons, neutrons, quarks, and gluons.

Gather evidence and perform calculations to determine the composition of a compound.

Compare and contrast crystalline and amorphous solids with respect to particle arrangement, strength of bonds, melting and boiling points, bulk density, and conductivity; provide examples of each type.

Investigate and use mathematical representations to support Dalton’s law of partial pressures and to compare and contrast diffusion and effusion.

Obtain data and solve combined and ideal gas law problems and stoichiometry problems at STP and non STP conditions to quantitatively explain the behavior of gases.

Use the Van der Waal’s equation to support explanations of how real gases deviate from the ideal gas law.

Investigate, describe, and mathematically determine the effect of solute concentration on vapor pressure using Raoult’s Law and of the solute’s van ’t Hoff factor on freezing point depression and boiling point elevation.

Develop models to show how different types of polymers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starches, are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits by condensation and addition reactions and to show the diverse bonding characteristics of carbon.

Evaluate different organic molecules by naming and drawing the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single, double, and/or triple bonds and by identifying and explaining the properties of functional groups.

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

Plan and conduct an investigation to compare the properties of the different types of intermolecular forces in pure substances and in components of a mixture.

Make predictions regarding the relative magnitudes of the forces acting within collections of interacting molecules based on the distribution of electrons within the molecules and types of intermolecular forces through which the molecules interact.

Investigate and use mathematical evidence to support that rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions.

Analyze data and mathematically determine rate equations.

Investigate the parameters of chemical equilibria in the laboratory by A) writing and calculating equilibrium expressions (Kc, Kp, Ksp, Ka, Kb); B) calculating Q and determining the direction the reaction will proceed; and, C) calculating equilibrium concentrations given an equilibrium constant and starting amounts.

Compare and contrast the strength and dissociation of strong and weak acids and bases by calculating the pH and percent ionization of a solution.

Research, investigate, and mathematically explain buffer systems (characteristics and capacities using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation), including those found in biological systems and polyprotic acids.

Energy

Mathematically determine the enthalpy change for a given reaction using Hess’s Law, standard enthalpies of formation, or a given mass of a reactant.

Apply scientific principles and mathematical representations to predict if a chemical reaction is spontaneous using Gibb’s Free Energy, ΔG = ΔH – TΔS.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to build, evaluate, and refine a fuel cell model (e.g., graphical representation or as a project) with specific design constraints.

Collect and use data from the synthesis or decomposition of a compound to confirm the conservation of matter and the law of definite proportions.

Use Coulomb’s law and patterns of valence electron configurations to explain trends in ionization energies and reactivity of pure elements.

Explain the relationships between potential energy, distance between approaching atoms, bond length, and bond energy using graphical representations.

Investigate and explain the energy changes in biological systems (such as the combustion of sugar and photosynthesis) both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Research pyrotechnics and use concepts in thermodynamics, stoichiometry, oxidation reduction, and kinetics to design and create a low intensity sparkler.

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

Investigate and contrast the mechanism of energy changes and the appearance of absorption and emission spectra.

Apply scientific principles and mathematical representations (C=λv and E=hv) to explain that spectral lines are the result of and correspond to transitions between energy levels.

Matter and Its Interactions

Illustrate and explain the arrangement of electrons surrounding atoms and ions (electron configurations and orbital notation of a specific electron in an element) and relate the arrangement of electrons with observed periodic trends.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how carbon's structure and function are used and have influenced society.

Conduct a qualitative analysis lab to determine the solubility rules. Use solubility rules to identify spectator ions and write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions.

Analyze oxidation and reduction reactions to identify the substances gaining and losing electrons, distinguish between the cathode and anode, predict reactions, and balance oxidation-reduction reactions in acidic or basic solutions.

Investigate models and explore uses of electrochemistry (batteries and electrochemical cells).

Conduct titrations with standard solutions (monoprotic and diprotic) and an appropriate indicator and/or a pH probe to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, and with a weak acid or weak base to determine the Ka or Kb and the pH at the equivalence point.

Explain common chemical reactions, including those found in biological systems, using qualitative and quantitative information.

Create a model of the atomic substructure including electrons, protons, neutrons, quarks, and gluons.

Gather evidence and perform calculations to determine the composition of a compound.

Compare and contrast crystalline and amorphous solids with respect to particle arrangement, strength of bonds, melting and boiling points, bulk density, and conductivity; provide examples of each type.

Investigate and use mathematical representations to support Dalton's law of partial pressures and to compare and contrast diffusion and effusion.

Obtain data and solve combined and ideal gas law problems and stoichiometry problems at STP and non STP conditions to quantitatively explain the behavior of gases.

Use the Van der Waal's equation to support explanations of how real gases deviate from the ideal gas law.

Investigate, describe, and mathematically determine the effect of solute concentration on vapor pressure using Raoult's Law and of the solute's van 't Hoff factor on freezing point depression and boiling point elevation.

Develop models to show how different types of polymers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starches, are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits by condensation and addition reactions and to show the diverse bonding characteristics of carbon.

Evaluate different organic molecules by naming and drawing the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single, double, and/or triple bonds and by identifying and explaining the properties of functional groups.

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

Plan and conduct an investigation to compare the properties of the different types of intermolecular forces in pure substances and in components of a mixture.

Make predictions regarding the relative magnitudes of the forces acting within collections of interacting molecules based on the distribution of electrons within the molecules and types of intermolecular forces through which the molecules interact.

Investigate and use mathematical evidence to support that rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions.

Analyze data and mathematically determine rate equations.

Investigate the parameters of chemical equilibria in the laboratory by A) writing and calculating equilibrium expressions (Kc, Kp, Ksp, Ka, Kb); B) calculating Q and determining the direction the reaction will proceed; and, C) calculating equilibrium concentrations given an equilibrium constant and starting amounts.

Compare and contrast the strength and dissociation of strong and weak acids and bases by calculating the pH and percent ionization of a solution.

Research, investigate, and mathematically explain buffer systems (characteristics and capacities using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation), including those found in biological systems and polyprotic acids.

Energy

Mathematically determine the enthalpy change for a given reaction using Hess's Law, standard enthalpies of formation, or a given mass of a reactant.

Apply scientific principles and mathematical representations to predict if a chemical reaction is spontaneous using Gibb's Free Energy, ΔG = ΔH – TΔS.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to build, evaluate, and refine a fuel cell model (e.g., graphical representation or as a project) with specific design constraints.

Collect and use data from the synthesis or decomposition of a compound to confirm the conservation of matter and the law of definite proportions.

Use Coulomb's law and patterns of valence electron configurations to explain trends in ionization energies and reactivity of pure elements.

Explain the relationships between potential energy, distance between approaching atoms, bond length, and bond energy using graphical representations.

Investigate and explain the energy changes in biological systems (such as the combustion of sugar and photosynthesis) both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Research pyrotechnics and use concepts in thermodynamics, stoichiometry, oxidation reduction, and kinetics to design and create a low intensity sparkler.

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

Investigate and contrast the mechanism of energy changes and the appearance of absorption and emission spectra.

Apply scientific principles and mathematical representations (C= λv and E=hv) to explain that spectral lines are the result of and correspond to transitions between energy levels.

Earth's Place in the Universe

Construct an explanation regarding the rapid expansion of the universe based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter in the universe.

Summarize available sources of data within the solar system which provide clues about Earth’s formation. Using engineering principles, design a means to gather more data.

Construct a model using astronomical distances to explain the spatial relationships and physical interactions among planetary systems, stars, multiple-star systems, star clusters, galaxies, and galactic groups in the universe.

Analyze and interpret data about the mass of a star to predict its composition, luminosity, and temperature across its life cycle, including an explanation for how and why it undergoes changes at each stage.

Communicate scientific ideas to explain the nuclear fusion process and how elements with an atomic number greater than helium have been formed in stars, supernova explosions, or exposure to cosmic rays.

Analyze and compare image data from instruments used to study deep space (e.g., visible, infrared, radio, refracting and reflecting telescopes, and spectrophotometer). Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the instrumentation.

Recognize how advances in deep space research instrumentation over the last 30 years have led to new understandings of Earth’s place in the universe and how these advances have benefitted society.

Analyze and interpret data to compare, contrast, and explain the characteristics of objects in the solar system including the sun, planets and their satellites, planetoids, asteroids, and comets. Characteristics include: mass, gravitational attraction, diameter, and composition.

Use mathematical or computational representations to predict motions of the various kinds of objects in our solar system, including planets, satellites, comets, and asteroids, and the influence of gravity, inertia, and collisions on these motions.

Evaluate the evidence for the role of gravitational force and heat production in theories about the origin and formation of Earth. Design a research study to confirm or refute one aspect of such evidence.

Earth's Systems

Given an environmental disaster, analyze its effect upon the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and/or biosphere, including sphere-to-sphere interactions. Analysis should conclude with an identification of future research to improve our ability to predict such interactions.

Construct a model which shows the interactions between processes of the hydrologic cycle and the greenhouse effect.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about human or natural threats to Tennessee.

Engage in an argument from evidence to explain the degree to which the dynamics of oceanic currents could contribute to at least one aspect of climate change.

Use a model to predict how variations in the flow of energy through radiation, conduction, and convection into and out of Earth’s systems could contribute to global atmospheric processes and climatic effects.

Using data, weather maps, and other scientific tools, predict weather conditions from an analysis of the movement of air masses, high and low pressure systems, and frontal boundaries.

Use satellite-based image datasets to compare and explain how weather and climate patterns at various latitudes, elevations, and proximities to water and ocean currents are a function of heat, evaporation, condensation, and rotation of the planet. The comparison should also include an examination of the same location across various seasons or years.

Design a mathematical model of Earth’s energy budget showing how the electromagnetic radiation from the sun is reflected, absorbed, stored, redistributed among the atmosphere, ocean, and land systems, and reradiated back into space. The model should provide a means to predict how changes in greenhouse gases could affect Earth’s temperatures.

Analyze the multiple sources of energy that provide power in the state of Tennessee and compare them to each other and to an alternative energy source. The analysis should include their functional components (such as infrastructure cost, on-going costs, safety, and reliability), and their social, cultural, and environmental impacts (including emissions of greenhouse gases).

Identify the organisms that are major drivers in the global carbon cycle and trace how greenhouse gases are continually moved through the carbon reservoirs and fluxes represented by the ocean, land, life, and atmosphere.

Construct an argument based on evidence about how global and regional climate is impacted by interactions among the Sun's energy output, tectonic events, ocean circulation, vegetation, and human activities. The argument should include discussion of a variety of time scales from sudden (volcanic ash clouds) to intermediate (ice ages) to long-term tectonic cycles.

Communicate scientific and technical information to explain how evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle, and crust.

Analyze surface features of Earth and identify and explain the geologic processes responsible for their formation.

Develop a visual model to illustrate the formation and reformation of rocks over time including processes such as weathering, sedimentation, and plate movement. The model should include a comparison of the physical properties of various rock types, common rock-forming minerals, and continental rocks versus the oceanic crust.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence to describe the formation and on-going availability of mined resources such as phosphorous, platinum, rare minerals, rare earth elements, and/or fossil fuels.

Apply scientific principles regarding thermal convection and gravitational movement of dense materials to predict the outcomes of continued development and movement of lithospheric plates from their growing margins at a divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridge) to their destructive margin at a convergent boundary (subduction zone).

Using maps and numerical data, evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that forces due to plate tectonics cause earthquake activity, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.

Design a research study to examine an area of increasing seismic or volcanic activity and predict what will occur in that area over the next month, year, and decade. The description should include the instruments and measures to be used in the study and an explanation of their capabilities and limitations.

Earth and Human Activity

Identify a geographical region or small area where energy and mineral resources are scarce and evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing these energy and mineral resources based on a cost-benefit analysis.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how natural resource availability, natural hazard occurrences, and climatic changes impact individuals and society.

Design, evaluate, or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems.

Analyze geoscience data and the results from global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of global or regional climate change and associated future impacts to Earth systems.

Earth's Place in the Universe

Construct an explanation regarding the rapid expansion of the universe based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter in the universe.

Summarize available sources of data within the solar system which provide clues about Earth's formation. Using engineering principles, design a means to gather more data.

Construct a model using astronomical distances to explain the spatial relationships and physical interactions among planetary systems, stars, multiple-star systems, star clusters, galaxies, and galactic groups in the universe.

Analyze and interpret data about the mass of a star to predict its composition, luminosity, and temperature across its life cycle, including an explanation for how and why it undergoes changes at each stage.

Communicate scientific ideas to explain the nuclear fusion process and how elements with an atomic number greater than helium have been formed in stars, supernova explosions, or exposure to cosmic rays.

Analyze and compare image data from instruments used to study deep space (e.g., visible, infrared, radio, refracting and reflecting telescopes, and spectrophotometer). Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the instrumentation.

Recognize how advances in deep space research instrumentation over the last 30 years have led to new understandings of Earth's place in the universe and how these advances have benefitted society.

Analyze and interpret data to compare, contrast, and explain the characteristics of objects in the solar system including the sun, planets and their satellites, planetoids, asteroids, and comets. Characteristics include: mass, gravitational attraction, diameter, and composition.

Use mathematical or computational representations to predict motions of the various kinds of objects in our solar system, including planets, satellites, comets, and asteroids, and the influence of gravity, inertia, and collisions on these motions.

Evaluate the evidence for the role of gravitational force and heat production in theories about the origin and formation of Earth. Design a research study to confirm or refute one aspect of such evidence.

Earth's Systems

Given an environmental disaster, analyze its effect upon the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and/or biosphere, including sphere-to-sphere interactions. Analysis should conclude with an identification of future research to improve our ability to predict such interactions.

Construct a model which shows the interactions between processes of the hydrologic cycle and the greenhouse effect.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about human or natural threats to Tennessee.

Engage in an argument from evidence to explain the degree to which the dynamics of oceanic currents could contribute to at least one aspect of climate change.

Use a model to predict how variations in the flow of energy through radiation, conduction, and convection into and out of Earth's systems could contribute to global atmospheric processes and climactic effects.

Using data, weather maps, and other scientific tools, predict weather conditions from an analysis of the movement of air masses, high and low pressure systems, and frontal boundaries.

Use satellite-based image datasets to compare and explain how weather and climate patterns at various latitudes, elevations, and proximities to water and ocean currents are a function of heat, evaporation, condensation, and rotation of the planet. The comparison should also include an examination of the same location across various seasons or years.

Design a mathematical model of Earth's energy budget showing how the electromagnetic radiation from the sun in watts/m2 is reflected, absorbed, stored, redistributed among the atmosphere, ocean, and land systems, and reradiated back into space. The model should provide a means to predict how changes in greenhouse gases could affect Earth's temperatures.

Analyze the multiple sources of energy that provide power in the state of Tennessee and compare them to each other and to an alternative energy source. The analysis should include their functional components (such as infrastructure cost, on-going costs, safety, and reliability), and their social, cultural, and environmental impacts (including emissions of greenhouse gases).

Identify the organisms that are major drivers in the global carbon cycle and trace how greenhouse gases are continually moved through the carbon reservoirs and fluxes represented by the ocean, land, life, and atmosphere.

Construct an argument based on evidence about how global and regional climate is impacted by interactions among the Sun's energy output, tectonic events, ocean circulation, vegetation, and human activities. The argument should include discussion of a variety of time scales from sudden (volcanic ash clouds) to intermediate (ice ages) to long-term tectonic cycles.

Communicate scientific and technical information to explain how evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth's surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle, and crust.

Analyze surface features of Earth and identify and explain the geologic processes responsible for their formation.

Develop a visual model to illustrate the formation and reformation of rocks over time including processes such as weathering, sedimentation, and plate movement. The model should include a comparison of the physical properties of various rock types, common rock-forming minerals, and continental rocks versus the oceanic crust.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence to describe the formation and on-going availability of mined resources such as phosphorous, platinum, rare minerals, rare earth elements, and/or fossil fuels.

Apply scientific principles regarding thermal convection and gravitational movement of dense materials to predict the outcomes of continued development and movement of lithospheric plates from their growing margins at a divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridge) to their destructive margin at a convergent boundary (subduction zone).

Using maps and numerical data, evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that forces due to plate tectonics cause earthquake activity, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.

Design a research study to examine an area of increasing seismic or volcanic activity and predict what will occur in that area over the next month, year, and decade. The description should include the instruments and measures to be used in the study and an explanation of their capabilities and limitations.

Earth and Human Activity

Identify a geographical region or small area where energy and mineral resources are scarce and evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing these energy and mineral resources based on a cost-benefit analysis.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how natural resource availability, natural hazard occurrences, and climatic changes impact individuals and society.

Design, evaluate, or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems.

Analyze geoscience data and the results from global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of global or regional climate change and associated future impacts to Earth systems.

Earth and Human Activity

Research and evaluate the effectiveness of public lands (state parks, national parks, wildlife refuges, wilderness areas) in sustaining biodiversity.

Construct an argument in support of protection of native species. Develop responses to anticipated counterarguments.

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the impacts of human activity on climate change. Design solutions to address these impacts.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the impact engineering and technology have on biodiversity.

Research and communicate information on a career in ecology. Analyze the role of engineering, technology, and science in that career.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Construct explanations for patterns relating to climate, flora, and fauna found in major terrestrial biomes (deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, tropical grasslands, tropical forests, taiga, and tundra).

Plan and carry out an investigation measuring species diversity (richness and evenness) and density in a local ecosystem.

Obtain information regarding distribution patterns (clumped, uniform, random) and make predictions regarding types of organisms that will exhibit each type.

Use mathematical models to construct an explanation for population growth patterns and rates observed in ecosystems. Account for both density-dependent and density-independent factors in your explanation.

Analyze data regarding exponential and logistic population growth patterns. Use the data to create mathematical models to make predictions regarding carrying capacity.

Obtain information regarding survivorship curves and reproductive strategies of various species. Choose one of these strategies and construct an argument regarding its effectiveness.

Compare types of competition and construct an explanation for the importance of niche differentiation in response to competition.

Use a mathematical model to examine predator-prey interactions. Based on the model, construct an argument regarding the importance of predators in maintaining stability of prey populations.

Based on information obtained from research, construct explanations regarding mechanisms by which prey protect themselves from predation (including herbivory).

Use models to explain the impacts of types of symbiosis on the species involved in the relationship.

Carry out an investigation of stability and change within a local ecosystem. Identify signs of succession (primary or secondary). Based on investigation findings, make predictions regarding future changes in this ecosystem.

Research examples of adaptations of organisms in major marine and freshwater ecosystems. Develop an explanation for the formation of these adaptations and predict how the organisms would be affected by environmental disturbances or long-term ecological changes.

Plan and carry out an investigation examining kinesis and taxis in a simple organism. Construct and share explanations regarding observations.

Gather information regarding types of learned behaviors (fixed action patterns, imprinting, imitation, habituation, trial-and-error, associative learning – classical conditioning, operant conditioning). Ask questions regarding the importance of these behaviors in species survival.

Construct an explanation for the relationship between sexual selection and sexual dimorphism.

Obtain and evaluate information regarding the relationship between altruistic behavior and kin selection.

Create a model of an ecosystem depicting the interrelationships among organisms with a variety of niches. Use the model to explain resource needs of these organisms.

Compare patterns of stratification and zonation in various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Construct an argument regarding the importance of these patterns in ecosystem diversity.

Using the laws of conservation of energy, create a model of energy flow through the biosphere. Use the model to explain limitations in energy transfer and the need for ongoing energy input.

Compare pyramids of energy, numbers, and biomass to calculate rates of productivity within food chains and food webs among various biomes. Using mathematics, explain the relationship between biomass and trophic levels.

Use models to explain relationships among biogeochemical cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus).

Create a diagram tracing carbon through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Use the diagram to construct an explanation for the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in the carbon cycle.

Construct an argument from evidence regarding the importance of the microbial community in nutrient cycling.

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

Develop and revise a system for classifying organisms. Justify choice of information (morphology, molecular data, energy acquisition, habitat, niche, trophic level, reproduction, etc.) used in developing your system.

Construct an argument, citing evidence, supporting the influence of natural selection on changes in populations over time.

Design and carry out an investigation examining the importance of animal behaviors and plant tropisms for survival.

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the importance of coevolution in species interactions (competition, predation, symbiosis).

Construct an explanation for the importance of keystone species in ecosystem stability.

Compare resource needs of specialists versus generalists. Construct an explanation regarding the vulnerability of specialists when faced with ecosystem disturbances.

Research and evaluate the effectiveness of strategies for maintenance of biodiversity.

Earth and Human Activity

Research and evaluate the effectiveness of public lands (state parks, national parks, wildlife refuges, wilderness areas) in sustaining biodiversity.

Construct an argument in support of protection of native species. Develop responses to anticipated counterarguments.

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the impacts of human activity on climate change. Design solutions to address these impacts.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the impact engineering and technology have on biodiversity.

Research and communicate information on a career in ecology. Analyze the role of engineering, technology, and science in that career.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Construct explanations for patterns relating to climate, flora, and fauna found in major terrestrial biomes (deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, tropical grasslands, tropical forests, taiga, and tundra).

Plan and carry out an investigation measuring species diversity (richness and evenness) and density in a local ecosystem.

Obtain information regarding distribution patterns (clumped, uniform, random) and make predictions regarding types of organisms that will exhibit each type.

Use mathematical models to construct an explanation for population growth patterns and rates observed in ecosystems. Account for both density-dependent and density-independent factors in your explanation.

Analyze data regarding exponential and logistic population growth patterns. Use the data to create mathematical models to make predictions regarding carrying capacity.

Obtain information regarding survivorship curves and reproductive strategies of various species. Choose one of these strategies and construct an argument regarding its effectiveness.

Compare types of competition and construct an explanation for the importance of niche differentiation in response to competition.

Use a mathematical model to examine predator-prey interactions. Based on the model, construct an argument regarding the importance of predators in maintaining stability of prey populations.

Based on information obtained from research, construct explanations regarding mechanisms by which prey protect themselves from predation (including herbivory).

Use models to explain the impacts of types of symbiosis on the species involved in the relationship.

Carry out an investigation of stability and change within a local ecosystem. Identify signs of succession (primary or secondary). Based on investigation findings, make predictions regarding future changes in this ecosystem.

Research examples of adaptations of organisms in major marine and freshwater ecosystems. Develop an explanation for the formation of these adaptations and predict how the organisms would be affected by environmental disturbances or long-term ecological changes.

Plan and carry out an investigation examining kinesis and taxis in a simple organism. Construct and share explanations regarding observations.

Gather information regarding types of learned behaviors (fixed action patterns, imprinting, imitation, habituation, trial-and-error, associative learning – classical conditioning, operant conditioning). Ask questions regarding the importance of these behaviors in species survival.

Construct an explanation for the relationship between sexual selection and sexual dimorphism.

Obtain and evaluate information regarding the relationship between altruistic behavior and kin selection.

Create a model of an ecosystem depicting the interrelationships among organisms with a variety of niches. Use the model to explain resource needs of these organisms.

Compare patterns of stratification and zonation in various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Construct an argument regarding the importance of these patterns in ecosystem diversity.

Using the laws of conservation of energy, create a model of energy flow through the biosphere. Use the model to explain limitations in energy transfer and the need for ongoing energy input.

Compare pyramids of energy, numbers, and biomass to calculate rates of productivity within food chains and food webs among various biomes. Using mathematics, explain the relationship between biomass and trophic levels.

Use models to explain relationships among biogeochemical cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus).

Create a diagram tracing carbon through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Use the diagram to construct an explanation for the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in the carbon cycle.

Construct an argument from evidence regarding the importance of the microbial community in nutrient cycling.

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

Develop and revise a system for classifying organisms. Justify choice of information (morphology, molecular data, energy acquisition, habitat, niche, trophic level, reproduction, etc.) used in developing your system.

Construct an argument, citing evidence, supporting the influence of natural selection on changes in populations over time.

Design and carry out an investigation examining the importance of animal behaviors and plant tropisms for survival.

Engage in argument from evidence regarding the importance of coevolution in species interactions (competition, predation, symbiosis).

Construct an explanation for the importance of keystone species in ecosystem stability.

Compare resource needs of specialists versus generalists. Construct an explanation regarding the vulnerability of specialists when faced with ecosystem disturbances.

Research and evaluate the effectiveness of strategies for maintenance of biodiversity.

Earth’s Systems

Research the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Use the theory to construct an explanation for how changes in Earth’s crust cause mountain formation, volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Provide evidence to support the explanation using information pertaining to plate boundary types (divergent, convergent, transform).

Considering Earth’s position within our solar system, use a model to demonstrate the causes of day length, seasons, and climate.

Analyze the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Obtain information and use graphs to observe patterns regarding stability and change within the Earth’s atmospheric composition (O2, N2, CO2, etc.) over geologic time.

Differentiate weather and climate and analyze and interpret data examining naturally occurring patterns pertaining to each.

Plan and carry out an investigation examining the chemical and physical properties of water and the impact of water on Earth’s topography. Analyze data and share findings.

Develop a model to explain soil formation and the flow of matter in the rock cycle.

Earth and Human Activity

Research Earth’s natural resources (renewable and nonrenewable resources). Construct an argument from evidence supporting the claim that a particular type of resource is important for humans.

Using scientific data, analyze effectiveness of conservation versus preservation efforts. Obtain and communicate information on organizations involved in protecting natural resources.

Define problems and suggest solutions associated with using, conserving, and recycling energy and mineral resources taking into account economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits.

Ask questions about technology needed to develop alternative energy sources and obtain information from various sources to answer those questions.

Analyze and interpret data on the effects of land, water, and air pollution on the environment and on human health. Propose solutions for minimizing pollution from specific sources.

Obtain and communicate information on environmental laws pertaining to the regulation of pollution and on regulatory agencies. Provide a specific example of how a given business/industry would comply with such regulations.

Evaluate current methods of waste management and reduction and design possible improvements.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate scientific information tracing the breakdown of ozone caused by chlorofluorocarbons and the effectiveness of efforts to address this environmental problem.

Using mathematics and computational thinking, analyze data linking human activity to climate change. Design solutions to address human impacts on climate change.

Use mathematics to calculate ecological footprints. Develop a personal plan for reducing your impact on the environment.

Interpret graphical data representing global human population growth over time. Look for patterns within this data and construct possible explanations for the patterns. Revise the explanations as needed based on research.

Obtain and evaluate information regarding demographics for a variety of countries. Construct an explanation for varying fertility rates and life expectancies between countries and throughout human history. Taking into account demographic transition, predict what trends are likely to occur in various countries over time.

Gather, organize, analyze, and present data on current land use trends by humans. Based on analysis, predict future trends.

Plan and carry out an investigation examining best management practices in water usage, agriculture, forestry, urban/suburban development, mining, or fishing and communicate findings.

Use a model to make predictions regarding the impact of topsoil loss due to erosion resulting from human activity. Design, evaluate, and revise a solution to preserve topsoil.

Construct an argument including claim, evidence, and scientific reasoning regarding the impact of the Green Revolution on agricultural practices, food availability, and the environment.

Research information on the environmental impacts of genetically modified organisms and engage in debate regarding pros and cons of this agricultural technology.

Evaluate ecosystem services provided by forests ecosystems. Construct an explanation for human impact on these services.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Engage in argument from evidence on the role engineering and technology play in a sustainable human society.

Research and communicate information on an environmental science career. Analyze the role of society, engineering, technology, and science in that career.

Applications of Science

Plan and carry out an investigation of a local ecosystem to assess human impacts. Based on your findings, design and evaluate a solution to minimize impacts.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Using a variety of data sources, construct an explanation for the impact of climate, latitude, altitude, geology, and hydrology patterns on plant and animal life in various terrestrial biomes.

Develop an explanation of behavioral and physical adaptations organisms have for life in aquatic habitats with varying chemical and physical features.

Using mathematical models, support arguments regarding the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on carrying capacity for populations within an ecosystem.

Compare and contrast production (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis) and respiratory (aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, consumption, decomposition) processes responsible for the cycling of matter and flow of energy through an ecosystem. Using evidence, construct an argument regarding the importance of homeostasis in maintaining these processes in ecosystems.

Use a mathematical model to explain energy flow through an ecosystem. Using the first and second laws of thermodynamics, construct an explanation for: A) necessity for constant energy input; B) limitations on energy transfer from one trophic level to the next; and, C) limitations on number of trophic levels that can be supported.

Evaluate the interdependence among major biogeochemical cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) in an ecosystem and recognize the importance each cycle has in maintaining ecosystem stability.

Examine stability and change within an ecosystem by using a model of succession (primary or secondary) to predict impacts of disruption on an ecosystem.

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

Construct an explanation based on scientific evidence for mechanisms of natural selection that result in behavioral, anatomical, and physiological adaptations in populations.

Justify claims with scientific evidence that changes in environmental conditions lead to speciation and extinction.

Evaluate the impact of habitat fragmentation and destruction, invasive species, overharvesting, pollution, and climate change on biodiversity (genetic, species, and ecosystem).

Engage in argument from scientific evidence critiquing effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act. Give specific examples to support your argument.

Earth's Systems

Research the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Use the theory to construct an explanation for how changes in Earth's crust cause mountain formation, volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Provide evidence to support the explanation using information pertaining to plate boundary types (divergent, convergent, transform).

Considering Earth's position within our solar system, use a model to demonstrate the causes of day length, seasons, and climate.

Analyze the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. Obtain information and use graphs to observe patterns regarding stability and change within the Earth's atmospheric composition (O2, N2, CO2, etc.) over geologic time.

Differentiate weather and climate and analyze and interpret data examining naturally occurring patterns pertaining to each.

Plan and carry out an investigation examining the chemical and physical properties of water and the impact of water on Earth's topography. Analyze data and share findings.

Develop a model to explain soil formation and the flow of matter in the rock cycle.

Earth and Human Activity

Research Earth's natural resources (renewable and nonrenewable resources). Construct an argument from evidence supporting the claim that a particular type of resource is important for humans.

Using scientific data, analyze effectiveness of conservation versus preservation efforts. Obtain and communicate information on organizations involved in protecting natural resources.

Define problems and suggest solutions associated with using, conserving, and recycling energy and mineral resources taking into account economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits.

Ask questions about technology needed to develop alternative energy sources and obtain information from various sources to answer those questions.

Analyze and interpret data on the effects of land, water, and air pollution on the environment and on human health. Propose solutions for minimizing pollution from specific sources.

Obtain and communicate information on environmental laws pertaining to the regulation of pollution and on regulatory agencies. Provide a specific example of how a given business/industry would comply with such regulations.

Evaluate current methods of waste management and reduction and design possible improvements.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate scientific information tracing the breakdown of ozone caused by chlorofluorocarbons and the effectiveness of efforts to address this environmental problem.

Using mathematics and computational thinking, analyze data linking human activity to climate change. Design solutions to address human impacts on climate change.

Use mathematics to calculate ecological footprints. Develop a personal plan for reducing your impact on the environment.

Interpret graphical data representing global human population growth over time. Look for patterns within this data and construct possible explanations for the patterns. Revise the explanations as needed based on research.

Obtain and evaluate information regarding demographics for a variety of countries. Construct an explanation for varying fertility rates and life expectancies between countries and throughout human history. Taking into account demographic transition, predict what trends are likely to occur in various countries over time.

Gather, organize, analyze, and present data on current land use trends by humans. Based on analysis, predict future trends.

Plan and carry out an investigation examining best management practices in water usage, agriculture, forestry, urban/suburban development, mining, or fishing and communicate findings.

Use a model to make predictions regarding the impact of topsoil loss due to erosion resulting from human activity. Design, evaluate, and revise a solution to preserve topsoil.

Construct an argument including claim, evidence, and scientific reasoning regarding the impact of the Green Revolution on agricultural practices, food availability, and the environment.

Research information on the environmental impacts of genetically modified organisms and engage in debate regarding pros and cons of this agricultural technology.

Evaluate ecosystem services provided by forests ecosystems. Construct an explanation for human impact on these services.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Engage in argument from evidence on the role engineering and technology play in a sustainable human society.

Research and communicate information on an environmental science career. Analyze the role of society, engineering, technology, and science in that career.

Applications of Science

Plan and carry out an investigation of a local ecosystem to assess human impacts. Based on your findings, design and evaluate a solution to minimize impacts.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Using a variety of data sources, construct an explanation for the impact of climate, latitude, altitude, geology, and hydrology patterns on plant and animal life in various terrestrial biomes.

Develop an explanation of behavioral and physical adaptations organisms have for life in aquatic habitats with varying chemical and physical features.

Using mathematical models, support arguments regarding the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on carrying capacity for populations within an ecosystem.

Compare and contrast production (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis) and respiratory (aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, consumption, decomposition) processes responsible for the cycling of matter and flow of energy through an ecosystem. Using evidence, construct an argument regarding the importance of homeostasis in maintaining these processes in ecosystems.

Use a mathematical model to explain energy flow through an ecosystem. Using the first and second laws of thermodynamics, construct an explanation for: A) necessity for constant energy input; B) limitations on energy transfer from one trophic level to the next; and, C) limitations on number of trophic levels that can be supported.

Evaluate the interdependence among major biogeochemical cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) in an ecosystem and recognize the importance each cycle has in maintaining ecosystem stability.

Examine stability and change within an ecosystem by using a model of succession (primary or secondary) to predict impacts of disruption on an ecosystem.

Biological Change: Unity and Diversity

Construct an explanation based on scientific evidence for mechanisms of natural selection that result in behavioral, anatomical, and physiological adaptations in populations.

Justify claims with scientific evidence that changes in environmental conditions lead to speciation and extinction.

Evaluate the impact of habitat fragmentation and destruction, invasive species, overharvesting, pollution, and climate change on biodiversity (genetic, species, and ecosystem).

Engage in argument from scientific evidence critiquing effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act. Give specific examples to support your argument.

Earth’s Place in the Universe

Compare and contrast methods for constructing accounts of Earth’s formation, early history, and/or changes in environmental conditions on Earth over time.

Evaluate evidence used to explain the ongoing changes in the Earth's system over geologic time due to interactions among the solid Earth, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

Evaluate the geologic evidence (including index fossils, absolute and relative dating methods, superposition, and/or crosscutting relationships) used to infer the age of the Earth. Design a research study to confirm or refute one aspect of such evidence.

Earth’s Systems

Analyze surface features of Earth in order to identify geologic processes (including weathering, erosion, deposition, and glaciation) that are likely to have been responsible for their formation.

Conduct research, provide a rationale, plan, and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. The rationale should take into account processes of the hydrologic cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, and groundwater percolation, infiltration, and transpiration.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem caused by the dynamic nature of rivers and streams which erode and transport sediment, change their course, and flood their banks in natural and recurring patterns.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about man-made and natural threats (e.g., mining, pollution, erosion, runoff, floods, and earthquakes) to Tennessee watersheds.

Communicate scientific and technical information to explain how evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle, and crust.

Apply scientific principles regarding thermal convection and gravitational movement of dense materials to predict the outcomes of continued development and movement of lithospheric plates from their growing margins at a divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridge) to their destructive margin at a convergent boundary (subduction zone).

Using maps and other data types, predict how plate tectonics cause earthquake activity, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.

Analyze the effect of an earthquake upon the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and/or biosphere, including sphere-to-sphere interactions. Analysis should conclude with an identification of future research to improve our ability to predict such interactions.

Engage in an argument from geoscience data to assert that changes to Earth's surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems.

Create a visual model describing the processes responsible for forming the three rock groups (sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic) and explaining their characteristics.

Classify minerals and rocks on the basis of their physical and chemical properties and the environment in which they were formed.

Distinguish between the physical and chemical properties of minerals.

Investigate the structure and geometry of crystals.

Communicate scientific and technical information about how the dynamic nature of the rock cycle accounts for the interrelationships among rock and mineral types, and describe how the total amount of material stays the same throughout formation, weathering, sedimentation, and reformation.

Develop a visual model to illustrate the formation and reformation of rocks over time including processes such as weathering, sedimentation, and plate movement. The model should include a comparison of the physical properties of various rock types, common rock-forming minerals, and continental rocks versus the oceanic crust.

Develop a model that combines the rock cycle and the carbon cycle, which explains what leads up to and follows a major volcanic eruption and its effect on carbon storage and fluxes.

Earth and Human Activity

Use a topographic map and a geologic map to determine an ideal location for a Tennessee electricity-generating facility to provide solar, wind, nuclear, hydroelectric, or other renewable/nonrenewable power.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence to describe the formation and future availability of mined resources (e.g., phosphorous, platinum, and fossil fuels).

Evaluate the evidence and reasoning supporting claims about the impact of human activities on groundwater quality. The evaluation should include data related to multiple factors (e.g., precipitation, topography, porosity, and run-off).

Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources in areas where they are scarce. Compare solutions in terms of environmental impact, sustainability, and cost.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Read, interpret, and analyze a combination of ground-based observations, satellite data, and computer models to demonstrate the interconnectedness of the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Design, build, and refine a device to reduce or eliminate the effect of weathering, erosion, deposition, or other land-surface changes that could be used by the Army Corps of Engineers, Tennessee Valley Authority, Department of Highways, or other agency to improve the road or water systems in Tennessee.

Plan and carry out an investigation using a computer-based geographical information tool such as Google Earth, ArcGIS, or My NASA Data to examine the impact of human activities on Earth’s surface features.

Earth's Place in the Universe

Compare and contrast methods for constructing accounts of Earth's formation, early history, and/or changes in environmental conditions on Earth over time.

Evaluate evidence used to explain the ongoing changes in the Earth's system over geologic time due to interactions among the solid Earth, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

Evaluate the geologic evidence (including index fossils, absolute and relative dating methods, superposition, and/or crosscutting relationships) used to infer the age of the Earth. Design a research study to confirm or refute one aspect of such evidence.

Earth's Systems

Analyze surface features of Earth in order to identify geologic processes (including weathering, erosion, deposition, and glaciation) that are likely to have been responsible for their formation.

Conduct research, provide a rationale, plan, and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. The rationale should take into account processes of the hydrologic cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, and groundwater percolation, infiltration, and transpiration.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem caused by the dynamic nature of rivers and streams which erode and transport sediment, change their course, and flood their banks in natural and recurring patterns.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about man-made and natural threats (e.g., mining, pollution, erosion, runoff, floods, and earthquakes) to Tennessee watersheds.

Communicate scientific and technical information to explain how evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth's surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle, and crust.

Apply scientific principles regarding thermal convection and gravitational movement of dense materials to predict the outcomes of continued development and movement of lithospheric plates from their growing margins at a divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridge) to their destructive margin at a convergent boundary (subduction zone).

Using maps and other data types, predict how plate tectonics cause earthquake activity, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building.

Analyze the effect of an earthquake upon the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and/or biosphere, including sphere-to-sphere interactions. Analysis should conclude with an identification of future research to improve our ability to predict such interactions.

Engage in an argument from geoscience data to assert that changes to Earth's surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems.

Create a visual model describing the processes responsible for forming the three rock groups (sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic) and explaining their characteristics.

Classify minerals and rocks on the basis of their physical and chemical properties and the environment in which they were formed.

Distinguish between the physical and chemical properties of minerals.

Investigate the structure and geometry of crystals.

Communicate scientific and technical information about how the dynamic nature of the rock cycle accounts for the interrelationships among rock and mineral types, and describe how the total amount of material stays the same throughout formation, weathering, sedimentation, and reformation.

Develop a visual model to illustrate the formation and reformation of rocks over time including processes such as weathering, sedimentation, and plate movement. The model should include a comparison of the physical properties of various rock types, common rock-forming minerals, and continental rocks versus the oceanic crust.

Develop a model that combines the rock cycle and the carbon cycle, which explains what leads up to and follows a major volcanic eruption and its effect on carbon storage and fluxes.

Earth and Human Activity

Use a topographic map and a geologic map to determine an ideal location for a Tennessee electricity-generating facility to provide solar, wind, nuclear, hydroelectric, or other renewable/nonrenewable power.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence to describe the formation and future availability of mined resources (e.g., phosphorous, platinum, and fossil fuels).

Evaluate the evidence and reasoning supporting claims about the impact of human activities on groundwater quality. The evaluation should include data related to multiple factors (e.g., precipitation, topography, porosity, and run-off).

Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources in areas where they are scarce. Compare solutions in terms of environmental impact, sustainability, and cost.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Read, interpret, and analyze a combination of ground-based observations, satellite data, and computer models to demonstrate the interconnectedness of the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Design, build, and refine a device to reduce or eliminate the effect of weathering, erosion, deposition, or other land-surface changes that could be used by the Army Corps of Engineers, Tennessee Valley Authority, Department of Highways, or other agency to improve the road or water systems in Tennessee.

Plan and carry out an investigation using a computer-based geographical information tool such as Google Earth, ArcGIS, or My NASA Data to examine the impact of human activities on Earth's surface features.

Algorithmic Thinking

Use lists to simplify solutions, generalizing computational problems instead of repeatedly using simple variables.

Systematically design and develop programs for broad audiences by incorporating feedback from users.

Create prototypes that use algorithms to solve computational problems by leveraging prior student knowledge and personal interests.

Use effective communication and accurate computer science terminology to explain problem solving when completing a task.

Data Analysis

Create computational models that represent the relationships among different elements of data collected from a phenomenon or process.

Impacts of Computing

Evaluate and debate the social and economic implications of computing in the context of safety, law, and ethics.

Discuss the ethical ramifications of hacking and its impact on society.

Explain the privacy concerns related to the collection and generation of data through automated processes that may not be evident to users (Bots, Chatbots, Spiders or Crawlers, Web Scraping, keyloggers etc.).

Explain the positive and negative consequences that intellectual property laws can have on innovation.

Use tools and methods for collaboration on a project to increase connectivity of people in different cultures and career fields.

Research the impact of computing technology on possible education and career pathways.

Predict how computational innovations that have revolutionized aspects of our culture might evolve.

Networking and the Internet

Explain the tradeoffs when selecting and implementing cybersecurity recommendations.

Identify laws regarding the use of technology and their consequences and implications.

Evaluate strategies to manage digital identity and reputation with awareness of the permanent impact of actions in a digital world.

Demonstrate how to apply techniques to mitigate effects of user tracking methods.

Show an understanding of the ramifications of end-user license agreements and terms of service associated with granting rights to personal data and media to other entities.

Recommend security measures to address various scenarios based on factors such as efficiency, feasibility, and ethical impacts.

Demonstrate a fundamental understanding of API (Application Programming Interface).

Programming Concepts

Choose and apply an appropriate iterative design process to systematically test and refine a program to increase performance.

Develop a plan to manage and assign data values of different types (strings, numeric, character, integer, and date) to a variable

Create and refine programs with Boolean conditionals to demonstrate the use of branches and logical operators.

Design and develop iterative programs that combine control structures, including nested loops and compound conditionals.

Create parameters to organize a program to make it easier to follow, test, and debug.

Incorporate existing code, media, and libraries into original programs, and give proper attribution.

Debug (identify and fix) errors in an algorithm or program that includes sequences and simple and complex loops following a two-step debugging process.

Utilize data to answer a question using a variety of computing and data visualization methods.

Use data analysis tools and techniques to identify patterns in data representing complex systems.

Data Analysis

Represent data using multiple encoding schemes, such as decimal, binary, Unicode, Morse code, Shorthand, student-created codes.

Refine computational models based on the data they have generated.

Collect, analyze, transform, and refine computational data to make it more useful and reliable.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Research system disorders to communicate information on the known facts about the disorders and identify technology that has been developed to diagnose and/or treat the disorders.

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Investigate the organization of the human body in relation to its ability to accomplish life functions and construct an explanation for the relationship between anatomy and physiology.

Explain the processes of bone formation, growth, and repair.

Differentiate visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissues based on anatomical criteria and their physiological role in the movement of body parts and/or substances.

Model the gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle and a muscle fiber and use the model to identify and explain the roles of subcellular structures that participate in the events of muscle fiber contraction and heat generation.

Model the anatomical connections between the skeletal system and muscular system and explain how they generate movement through antagonistic muscle groups.

Describe, in terms of structure and function, the systemic and pulmonary paths of the cardiovascular system.

Prepare and/or use a model of a human heart to explain systole and diastole and the heart's internal and external control mechanisms involved in producing the heartbeat.

Explain blood pressure in terms of systole and diastole. Describe the factors affecting blood pressure and blood pressure's role in homeostasis.

Examine the structure (molecular and cellular) of blood constituents and describe their function.

Explain how the anatomy of the respiratory system functions to provide oxygen and carbon dioxide transport mechanisms between the lungs and the circulatory system, considering capillary structures, red blood cell structures, diffusion, and affinity.

Explain the relationship between the integumentary, muscular, and circulatory systems in temperature homeostasis.

Differentiate the major organ systems of the human body by their anatomy and physiology and engage in argument about defined boundaries due to their functional connectivity.

Describe the relationship between the structure and function of the lymphatic system.

Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity, identifying immune cells that play a role in each.

Analyze ABO and Rh blood groups as a basis for blood transfusion and infant incompatibility reactions.

Diagram the progression of lipid transport from the digestive system, through the lymphatic system, and into the cardiovascular circulation.

Model the sequential organization of the alimentary canal and its accessory organs in order to describe the physiological role of each.

Analyze gastrointestinal wall histology and explain the anatomical architecture that supports efficient absorption and transport of molecules into cardiovascular or lymphatic circulation.

Investigate the actions of major digestive enzymes and hormones and identify their sources.

Describe the role of the hepatic portal system in coupling the digestive and cardiovascular systems.

Model the sequential organization of the male and female urinary tracts in order to describe the physiological role of blood filtration and waste excretion from the body.

Identify the parts of a nephron and describe how they assist in homeostatic mechanisms through urine formation.

Describe the organizational levels of the human body and observe patterns in cell types and tissue types across organ systems.

Using a model, name and locate the major endocrine glands and identify additional organ tissues in the human body that produce hormones. Describe the hormones produced and their physiological effects on other body targets.

Describe the relationship between receptors and ligands and differentiate between steroid and nonsteroid hormones as ligands.

Explain, using examples, the mechanism of negative feedback in hormonal production and control.

Anatomically distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Explain how their structures and locations are related to their physiological roles.

Model the cellular and subcellular structures of neurons and explain the molecular neurophysiology of membrane potentials and the conduction of information through synaptic transmission.

Identify and describe the types of sensory receptors found in the human body.

Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Model the major parts of the brain and spinal cord, relating each part to its source of sensory information and/or its primary target of regulation.

Explain the structures, functions, and limitations of the human sensory systems (senses): hearing, balance/proprioception, sight, touch, smell, and taste.

Identify and describe the organs of the human male and female reproductive systems that provide the physiological functions of gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryogenesis.

Use a human model to differentiate the major body cavities and organs located within them. Describe the model using proper anatomical and directional terminology for body regions, planes, and cavities.

Examine the microscopic structures of the human egg and sperm and explain how their structures relate to their functions.

Based on the secretion of hormones, identify the endocrine tissues of the reproductive system and describe their roles in regulation of secondary sex characteristics, the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy, fetal development, and parturition.

Trace the major events of human development from fertilization to birth, with a focus on the development of organs and functional organ systems.

Explain homeostasis and describe how it is accomplished through feedback mechanisms that utilize receptors and effectors.

Describe the anatomical structures of the integumentary system and explain their role in the physiological processes of protection, temperature homeostasis, and sensation.

Diagram a cross-sectional image of skin layers identifying the microscopic components and describe the life cycle of cells that maintain these layers.

Identify major bones within the axial and appendicular divisions, describing their physiological roles in creating a body scaffold, internal organ protection, and anchor points for skeletal muscles participating in movement.

Diagram microscopic bone structures, identifying regions that participate in hematopoiesis and storage of minerals and fat.

Matter and Its Interactions

Use a model to explain the changes of state for solids, liquids, gases, and plasma using the kinetic molecular theory and heat flow considerations.

Carry out an investigation to graphically represent the relationship(s) among pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas.

Engage in an argument from evidence to explain physical and chemical changes.

Use a model to predict the relative properties of elements on the periodic table.

Predict how elements may combine using the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level.

Predict the formulas of binary ionic compounds using the periodic table.

Develop, or use, a model to illustrate the claim that atoms and mass are conserved during a chemical reaction (i.e., balancing chemical equations).

Develop, or use, a model to classify a substance as acidic, basic, or neutral by using pH tools and appropriate indicators.

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

Use mathematics and computational thinking to graphically represent how various factors (e.g., position, time, direction of force) affect one-dimensional kinematics parameters (e.g., distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration).

Use mathematics and computational thinking to solve problems involving constant velocity and constant acceleration in one-dimension.

Plan and carry out an investigation to gather evidence, and provide a mathematical explanation, about the relationship among force, mass, and acceleration using F=ma.

Use mathematical reasoning and computational thinking to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

Design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on an object during a collision.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field.

Energy

Use mathematical and computational thinking to solve problems regarding the work-energy theorem and power using various forms of energy (e.g., kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential).

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that thermal energy will move as heat between objects of two different temperatures, resulting in a more uniform energy distribution among objects.

Design, build, and refine a device within design constraints that has a series of simple machines to transfer energy and/or do mechanical work.

Plan and carry out an investigation to examine the relationships among kinetic, potential, and total energy within a closed system (i.e., the Law of Conservation of Energy).

Design, build, and construct simple series circuits and simple parallel circuits using Ohm's Law.

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

Construct an explanation to compare and contrast the properties of transverse and longitudinal waves, including examples of each.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the similarities and differences across the electromagnetic spectrum, including devices used to measure the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Matter and Its Interactions

Using the kinetic molecular theory and heat flow considerations, explain the changes of state for solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

Develop a model to illustrate the claim that atoms and mass are conserved during a chemical reaction (i.e., balancing chemical equations).

Use models to identify chemical reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, and double-replacement. Given the reactants, use these models to predict the products of those chemical reactions.

Classify a substance as acidic, basic, or neutral by using pH tools and appropriate indicators.

Research and communicate explanations on how acid rain is created and its impact on the ecosystem.

Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Communicate scientific and technical information about nuclear energy and radioactive isotopes with respect to their impact on society.

Graphically represent and discuss the results of an investigation involving pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas.

Construct a graphical organizer for the major classifications of matter using composition and separation techniques.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide explanations about physical and chemical changes.

Trace the development of the modern atomic theory to describe atomic particle properties and position.

Characterize the difference between atoms of different isotopes of an element.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements.

Using the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level, predict how elements may combine.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the formulas of binary ionic compounds. Explain and use the naming conventions for binary ionic and molecular compounds.

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

Use mathematical representations to show how various factors (e.g., position, time, direction of force) affect one-dimensional kinematics parameters (distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration). Determine graphically the relationships among those one-dimensional kinematics parameters.

Algebraically solve problems involving constant velocity and constant acceleration in one-dimension.

Use free-body diagrams to illustrate the contact and non-contact forces acting on an object.

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence and provide a mathematical explanation about the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. Solve related problems using F=ma.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on an object during a collision.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field.

Energy

Identify and give examples of the various forms of energy (kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential) and solve mathematical problems regarding the work-energy theorem and power.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that thermal energy will move as heat between objects of two different temperatures, resulting in a more uniform energy distribution (temperature) among the objects.

Design, build, and refine a device within design constraints that has a series of simple machines to transfer energy and/or do mechanical work.

Collect data and present your findings regarding the law of conservation of energy and the efficiency, mechanical advantage, and power of the refined device.

Investigate the relationships among kinetic, potential, and total energy within a closed system (the law of conservation of energy).

Determine the mathematical relationships among heat, mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature change using the equation Q = mCpΔT.

Demonstrate Ohm's Law through the design and construction of simple series and parallel circuits.

Plan and conduct an experiment using a controlled chemical reaction to transfer thermal energy and/or do mechanical work.

Demonstrate the impact of the starting amounts of reacting substances upon the energy released.

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

Use scientific reasoning to compare and contrast the properties of transverse and longitudinal waves and give examples of each type.

Design/conduct an investigation and interpret gathered data to explain how mechanical waves transmit energy through a medium.

Develop and use mathematical models to represent the properties of waves including frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and speed.

Describe and communicate the similarities and differences across the electromagnetic spectrum. Research methods and devices used to measure these characteristics.

Research and communicate scientific explanations about how electromagnetic waves are used in modern technology to produce, transmit, receive, and store information. Examples include: medical imaging, cell phones, and wireless networks.

Matter and Its Interactions

Using the Bohr model of an atom, describe the following features and components of an atom: protons, neutrons, electrons, mass, number and types of particles, structure, and organization.

Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain how molecular motion is related to internal energy, temperature, heat, phase change, and expansion and contraction.

Use data collected from a calorimeter to construct a phase diagram to explain both the constant temperature and linearly changing segments of a graph.

Describe three forms of radioactivity in terms of changes in atomic number and mass number in order to write balanced equations for the three forms of radioactive decay.

Create a model that illustrates the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion in terms of transmutation.

Through experimental data collections, investigate the concept of half-life.

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

Investigate, measure, calculate, and analyze the relationship among position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.

Determine the impulse required to produce a change in momentum.

Using the law of universal gravitation, predict how gravitational force will change when the distance between two masses changes or the mass of one object changes.

Distinguish between mass and weight using SI units.

Represent the force conditions that exist for a system in equilibrium.

Through the use of force diagrams, explain why objects float or sink in terms of force and density.

Experimentally investigate the buoyant force exerted on floating and submerged objects.

Demonstrate the effects of Bernoulli’s principle on fluid motion.

Explore characteristics of rectilinear motion and create distance-time graphs and velocity-time graphs.

Explain how Newton’s first law applies to objects at rest and objects moving at a constant velocity.

Using Newton’s second law, analyze the relationship among the net force acting on a body, the mass of the body, and the resulting acceleration through mathematical and graphical methods.

Apply Newton’s third law to identify the interacting forces between two bodies.

Understand that the two-dimensional movement of an object can be explained as a combination of its horizontal and vertical components of motion.

Analyze the general relationship between net force, acceleration, and motion for an object undergoing uniform circular motion.

Describe the nature and magnitude of frictional forces.

Quantify interactions between objects to show that the total momentum is conserved in both elastic collisions and inelastic collisions.

Energy

Investigate the definitions of force, work, power, kinetic energy, and potential energy.

Analyze the relationship between energy transfer and disorder in the universe (second law of thermodynamics).

Analyze the characteristics of energy and conservation of energy including friction, gravitational potential energy, and kinetic energy.

Compare and contrast the following ways in which energy is stored in a system: mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear.

Describe various ways in which energy is transferred from one system to another (mechanical contact, thermal conduction, and electromagnetic radiation).

Demonstrate how or explain that energy is conserved in an isolated system even if transformations occur within the system (i.e., chemical to electrical, electrical to mechanical).

Calculate quantitative relationships associated with the conservation of energy.

Describe various ways in which matter and energy interact.

Mathematically quantify the relationship among electrical potential, current, and resistance in an ohmic system.

Relate the first law of thermodynamics as an application of the law of conservation of energy.

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

Build a model of a wave that describes the following characteristics of longitudinal waves and transverse waves: wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and velocity.

Quantify the relationship among the frequency, wavelength, and the speed of a wave.

Compare and contrast the properties and the applications of mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

Explain the relationship between the wavelength of light absorbed or released by an atom or molecule and the transfer of a discrete amount of energy.

Experimentally explore the additive and subtractive properties associated with color formation.

Using real world application, explain the principle of the Doppler Effect.

Investigate reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves.

Explain what function sound resonance has in practical form.

Analyze the application of polarization.

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

Investigate and evaluate the graphical and mathematical relationship (using either manual graphing or computers) of one-dimensional kinematic parameters (distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration) with respect to an object's position, direction of motion, and time.

Develop and apply the impulse-momentum theorem along with scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on an object during a collision (e.g., helmet, seatbelt, parachute).

Use experimental evidence to demonstrate that air resistance is a velocity dependent drag force that leads to terminal velocity.

Develop a model to predict the range of a two-dimensional projectile based upon its starting height, initial velocity, and angle at which it was launched.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that a constant force perpendicular to an object's motion is required for uniform circular motion (F = m v2 / r).

Algebraically solve problems involving constant velocity and constant acceleration in one dimension.

Algebraically solve problems involving arc length, angular velocity, and angular acceleration. Relate quantities to tangential magnitudes of translational motion.

Use free-body diagrams to illustrate the contact and non-contact forces acting on an object. Use the diagrams in combination with graphical or component-based vector analysis and with Newton's first and second laws to predict the position of the object on which the forces act in a constant net force scenario.

Gather evidence to defend the claim of Newton's first law of motion by explaining the effect that balanced forces have upon objects that are stationary or are moving at constant velocity.

Using experimental evidence and investigations, determine that Newton’s second law of motion defines force as a change in momentum, F = Δp/Δt.

Plan, conduct, and analyze the results of a controlled investigation to explore the validity of Newton's second law of motion in a system subject to a net unbalanced force, Fnet = ma or Fnet = Δp/Δt.

Use examples of forces between pairs of objects involving gravitation, electrostatic, friction, and normal forces to explain Newton's third law.

Use Newton’s law of universal gravitation, 𝐹 = 𝐺 𝑚1𝑚2 𝑟 2 , to calculate the gravitational forces, mass, or distance separating two objects with mass, given the information about the other quantities.

Energy

Investigate conduction, convection, and radiation as a mechanism for the transfer of thermal energy.

Use the principle of energy conservation and mathematical representations to quantify the change in energy of one component of a system when the energy that flows in and out of the system and the change in energy of the other components is known.

Assess the validity of the law of conservation of linear momentum (p=mv) by planning and constructing a controlled scientific investigation involving two objects moving in one-dimension.

Construct an argument based on qualitative and quantitative evidence that relates the change in temperature of a substance to its mass and heat energy added or removed from a system.

Define power and solve problems involving the rate of energy production or consumption (P = ΔE/Δt). Explain and predict changes in power consumption based on changes in energy demand or elapsed time. Investigate power consumption and power production systems in common use.

Recognize and communicate information about energy efficiency and/or inefficiency of machines used in everyday life.

Compare and contrast the process, design, and performance of numerous next-generation energy sources (hydropower, wind power, solar power, geothermal power, biomass power, etc.).

Matter and Its Interactions

Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of an atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Recognize and communicate examples from everyday life that use radioactive decay processes.

Investigate and evaluate the expression for calculating the percentage of a remaining atom (N(t)=N0e-λt) using simulated models, calculations, and/or graphical representations. Define the half-life (t1/2) and decay constant λ. Perform an investigation on probability and calculate halflife from acquired data (does not require use of actual radioactive samples).

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

Describe and mathematically determine the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles using Coulomb’s law, 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑞1𝑞2 𝑟 2 . Compare and contrast Coulomb’s law and gravitational force, notably with respect to distance.

Energy

Identify and calculate different types of energy and their transformations (thermal, kinetic, potential, including magnetic and electrical potential energies) from one form to another in a system.

Investigate and evaluate the laws of thermodynamics and use them to describe internal energy, heat, and work.

Communicate scientific ideas to describe how forces at a distance are explained by fields (gravitational, electric, and magnetic) permeating space. Explain how energy is contained within the field and how the energy changes when the objects generating and interacting with the field change their relative positions.

Describe, compare, and diagrammatically represent both electric and magnetic fields. Qualitatively predict the motion of a charged particle in each type of field, but avoid situations where the two types of fields are combined in the same region of space. Restrict magnetic fields to those that are parallel or perpendicular to the path of a charged particle.

Develop a model (sketch, CAD drawing, etc.) of a resistor circuit or capacitor circuit and use it to illustrate the behavior of electrons, electrical charge, and energy transfer.

Investigate Ohm’s law (I=V/R) by conducting an experiment to determine the relationships between current and voltage, current and resistance, and voltage and resistance.

Apply the law of conservation of energy and charge to assess the validity of Kirchhoff’s loop and junction rules when algebraically solving problems involving multi-loop circuits.

Predict the energy stored by a capacitor and how charge flows among capacitors connected in series or parallel.

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

Know wave parameters (i.e., velocity, period, amplitude, frequency, angular frequency) as well as how these quantities are defined in the cases of longitudinal and transverse waves.

Describe parameters of a medium that affect the propagation of a sound wave through it.

Understand that the reflection, refraction, and transmission of waves at an interface between two media can be modeled on the basis of characteristics of specific wave parameters and parameters of the medium.

Communicate scientific and technical information about how the principle of superposition explains the resonance and harmonic phenomena in air columns and on strings and common sound devices.

Evaluate the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum by communicating the similarities and differences among the different bands. Research and determine methods and devices used to measure these characteristics.

Plan and conduct controlled scientific investigations to construct explanations of light's behavior (reflection, refraction, transmission, interference) including the use of ray diagrams.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model.

Obtain information to construct explanations on how waves are used to produce, transmit, and capture signals and store and interpret information.

Investigate how information is carried in optical systems and use Snell’s law to describe the properties of optical fibers.

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

Explore the impact of technology on social, political, or economic systems.

Describe the dynamic interplay among engineering, technology, and applied science.

Identify the most appropriate scientific instruments and/or computer programs for different experiments and research, and learn to use, care for, and maintain them, gather data, and analyze results.

Engage in evidence-based arguments through the scientific method of investigation to understand the effective role that scientific discoveries played in the progression of humankind.

Applications of Science

Research and present information about the history of the development of a scientific theory. Articulate reasons for refinements and/or replacement of this theory over time.

Create a scientific journal and/or lab notebook for recording qualitative and quantitative data.

Carry out an original scientific investigation (experiment or study) after having received approval of a revised research proposal.

Select and use appropriate statistical procedures (descriptive statistics, t-tests, regression and correlation, chi-square, etc.) to analyze data. Use available calculators, spreadsheets, and statistical software programs.

Select and use appropriate data tables, graphs, and diagrams to represent data. Use mathematics and computational thinking to look for patterns in data.

Develop a conclusion based on data analysis and cite evidence to support the conclusion.

Use data to develop a model. Evaluate the effectiveness of the model by making and testing predictions.

Evaluate experimental results and identify possible sources of error or bias in scientific investigations (published research, original research, and research of peers).

Write a scientific paper based on original scientific research including the following or equivalent sections: abstract, introduction, literature review, materials and methods, results, conclusions, and literature cited.

Prepare and give a presentation based on original scientific research.

Prepare a poster based on original scientific research and participate in a poster session.

Engage in argument from evidence supporting the statement that science is tentative.

Submit research to scientific agencies as appropriate.

Generate questions and engage in discussion regarding the role of ethics in scientific research and in decision making based on scientific information.

Make observations and ask questions about the natural world. Refine the questions such that they can be answered by way of scientific investigation.

Use online search engines to find sources of scientific information. Develop, share, and revise criteria for evaluating reliability of sources.

Obtain and communicate information regarding ethical research practices pertaining to humans and animals as well as information regarding proper permitting agencies and procedures.

Obtain and present information on research protocols including citation formats (APA, MLA, etc.), plagiarism, and copyright and patent laws.

Engage in the peer review process by giving and receiving detailed feedback throughout the process of planning and carrying out investigations.

Develop a research proposal including the following: a problem statement; purpose of research; significance of research; objectives; literature review (including both primary and secondary sources); materials and methods; detailed budget; data analysis procedures; and, references. Include a list of potential risks associated with the study and a detailed safety plan as appropriate for materials and methods. Revise the proposal based on feedback from teacher and peers.